| Title: | Recent trends and long-range forecasts of water resources of northeast Iraq and climate change adaptation measures |
| Authors: | Abbas, N., S.A. Wasimi, N. Al-Ansari and S.N. Baby |
| Year: | 2018 |
| Journal: | Water |
| Volume (Issue): | 10(11) |
| Pages: | |
| Article ID: | 1562 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/w10111562 |
| URL (non-DOI journals): | |
| Model: | SWAT |
| Broad Application Category: | hydrologic only |
| Primary Application Category: | climate change |
| Secondary Application Category: | calibration, sensitivity, and/or uncertainty analysis |
| Watershed Description: | 6,143 km^2 Khbour, 26,473 km^2 Greater Zab, 15,600 km^2 Lesser Zab, 13,000 km^2 Al-Adhaim and 33,240 km^2 Diyala Rivers, which are tributaries of the Tigris River and drain parts of southern Turkey, western Iran and/or northeast Iraq. |
| Calibration Summary: | |
| Validation Summary: | |
| General Comments: | |
| Abstract: | Iraq has been experiencing water resources scarcity, and is vulnerable to climate change.
Analysis of historical data revealed that the region is experiencing climate change to a degree higher than
generally reported elsewhere. The relationship between climate change and its effect on water resources
of a region has been sparsely addressed in published literature. To fill that gap this research work first
investigates if there has been a significant change in climate in the region, which has been found to
be true. In the next stage, the research projects future climatic scenarios of the region based on six
oft-used General Circulation Model (GCM) ensembles, namely CCSM4, CSIRO-Mk3.6.0, GFDL-ESM2M,
MEROC5, HadGEM2-ES, and IPSL-CM5A-LR. The relationship between climate change and its impact
on water resources is explored through the application of the popular, widely used SWAT model.
The model depicts the availability of water resources, classified separately as blue and green waters,
for near and distant futures for the region. Some of the findings are foreboding and warrants urgent
attention of planners and decision makers. According to model outputs, the region may experience
precipitation reduction of about 12.6% and 21% in near (2049–2069) and distant (2080–2099) futures,
respectively under RCP8.5. Those figures under RCP4.5 are 15% and 23.4%, respectively and under
RCP2.6 are 12.2% and 18.4%, respectively. As a consequence, the blue water may experience decreases
of about 22.6% and 40% under RCP8.5, 25.8% and 46% under RCP4.5, and 34.4% and 31% under RCP2.6
during the periods 2049–2069 and 2080–2099, respectively. Green water, by contrast, may reduce by
about 10.6% and 19.6% under RCP8.5, by about 14.8% and 19.4% under RCP4.5, and by about 15.8%
and 14.2% under RCP2.6 during the periods 2049–2069 and 2080–2099, respectively. The research
further investigates how the population are adapting to already changed climates and how they are
expected to cope in the future when the shift in climate is expected to be much greater. |
| Language: | English |
| Keywords: | climate change; SWAT model; general circulation model; Iraq |